This deliverable explores the opportunities and challenges of scaling up zero-emission delivery and return models for e-commerce. Drawing on 15 interviews with logistics service providers and e-tailers from Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Norway, the study provides valuable insights into the factors that enable or hinder the wider adoption of sustainable urban logistics solutions.

The research highlights that government support and collaboration with the logistics sector are among the strongest drivers of change. Participants emphasised the importance of structured public-private dialogue, clear long-term strategies and locally tailored policies to help companies transition towards more sustainable delivery models. At the same time, persistent barriers remain, including limited grid capacity, insufficient charging infrastructure, high operational costs and regulations that do not always reflect the realities of urban logistics operations.

The report also examines measures such as parcel lockers and zero-emission zones, showing that their impact depends heavily on how they are implemented. While they can help reduce emissions and improve efficiency, they may also create unintended challenges if they are not carefully designed and coordinated with stakeholders.

A dedicated section focuses on active delivery modes such as cargo bikes and walking. The findings identify barriers including limited carrying capacity, inadequate infrastructure and cultural acceptance challenges. At the same time, active modes offer significant advantages, including easier access to restricted areas, improved stopping capabilities and high levels of customer satisfaction.

The study also reveals important differences between countries. While the Netherlands and Belgium are largely focused on fleet electrification, Italy faces more fragmented regulatory frameworks, and Norway's transition is driven more by company initiatives than regulation. These findings underline the need for place-based solutions that reflect local infrastructure, policies and consumer behaviour.

Ultimately, the report concludes that there is no one-size-fits-all solution for sustainable urban logistics. Instead, cities, retailers and logistics operators need flexible and diversified delivery models that can respond to local conditions while supporting the transition to zero-emission deliveries. The findings will inform the further development, testing and evaluation of CodeZERO solutions in the project's pilot cities